Television systems



Aug.K 5, 159,58' R. c. KENNEDY 2,846,497

TELEVISION SYSTEMS l Filed March 5, 1953 5 Sheets-'-Sheet 1 TTORNEY vvv QN llIv lllllll ||l ll|||| 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Aug. 5, 1958 R. c. KENNEDY TELEVISION SYSTEMS Filed March 5, 1953 Aug- 5 1953 l R. c. KENNEDY 2,846,497 v TELEVISION SYSTEMS Filed 'March 5, 1953 5 Sheets-Shee'rl 3 Fig.

INI/ENTOR.

/I TTORNE Y Aug. 5, 1958 R. c. KENNEDY TELEVISION SYSTEMS 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed March 5. 1953 Ill" l ihm .ma XQSSQ I f-II--QWIE Sam k-KIIIII' NE. XXSN Aug 5, 1958 R. c. KENNEDY 2,845,497

' TELEVISION SYSTEMS Filed March 5, 1953 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 aegee 5 1 Q o ff; INVENTOR.

TTORNE Y United States Pate A"*llhe present invention 'relatesv to 'improvements in teleyvision transmission systems, 'particularly ofthe secrecy typeinwhich it 'is desiredto'encode or otherwise garble lthe 'television transmission signal such that it can be successfully reproduced only by specialized television receiving equipment.

vThe present vinvention vfurther relates to improved means for remotely controlling vthe mode of kpicture presenta- 'tio'n at 'a television receiving location in such a way as to permit useful lreconstruction of otherwise garbled television signals.

'In'more particularity, although not necessarily exclu- 'fsivel'y, the present invention relates to an rimproved sub- I"sicrib'er type vvtelevisionsystem in which 'improved "means are provided for transmitting a coded television image vs'i'g'nallrepresenting'.a'distor'ted 'and useless television scene, fbutvvliich'can'be processed and caused -to display a high 'quality television 'image only rby television receivers havingv decoding, reconstitutirlg for desc'rambling `equipment coordinated with`the Ainode 'of coding vor 'scrambling em- :ployed fatfthe transmitter. y

' The present invention also relates to improved means yfor -controlling or scheduling "the jgarblng "of Ytelevision 'fypelsignals `for transmission over subscriber ltelevision signal channels and provides improved techniquesin simipli-yiing "the reconstitution of the garbled signal into a -usefultelevision scene of high picture quality.

A successful Isubscriber type television system should be Capable -of 'transmitting a 'television signal virtually fine'eting theF'ederal'Communieations Commissions 'stand rds 'for television ysignal transmission yet upon being ir'eceived by a 'standard home television vreceiver should present 'an i'm'age which has little or no 'entertainment value. However, the system should besuch as to allow -rnoditeation of, 'orrnin'or addition to, the standard home receiver at a -minimum expense to the lowner such that the Y'ovvn'er may, upon paid 'subscription lto a decoding or fdes'cra'nibling agency, be permitted to view 'the then un- -serambled and recovered television broadcasts with all 'thefclarity and lenter-tairlr'nent enjoyment normally obtained from standard television broadcasts.

YNurn'er'ous schemes have been suggested in the prior 'art for providing 'such an arrangement. In the main part, the 'most generally' desirable type of system is one in which no reliance is made u'pon auxiliary communicaltion channels but contines its requirements for communication of coding and decoding information between Ytransmitter a'nd receiver, to the standard television and sound 'channels now provided in 'accordance with Federal Communications Commission standards. gardles's of the method offtra'ns'rnitting decoding information from the transmitter to the receiver most prior art systems have been unableito provide obliteration 'of image l' information to the 'point of uselessness when received by standard television receivers without sulering a residual 'degradation -in-picture quality upon attempted reconstruction or decoding'jof the signal, and have'been forced to accept a lower transmission efficiency.

Moreover, ret 2,846,497 Patented lAug. 11958 Thus, the criteria for evaluating asystem for scrambling or garbling television ,pictures vfor subscriber consumption appear vto he: (-1), ease of `"transmitting necessary decoding control information; (-2), the completeness l:with

5 l which entertainment valueof the picture is `destroyed vby the encoding or scrambling means employed; l'(':1`;)f,.'the ydegree of picture degradation rsuiierel upon lattempted reconstruction or decoding -of the picture.; (4f), 'the=simlllv overall Lissajous motion ofl the transmitted television v image. Lissajous motion maybe defined as that fof a Vpoint displaced in two or more directions withany Idesired 'frequencies of displacement `in each such direction, with any desired phase relationship between the displacements in 'each direction Vand with any selected ratio of -arnplitudes of the said displacements. Lissajousflig'ures fare,

illustratively, straight lines in any direction, circles, el-

' lipses with major axes iu 'ahy direction,y figures offe'i'ght vvith'axes in many directionsand numerous Aand complex reentrant or non-reentrant multicycl-ic curves.

To accomplish the required Ij'issfajous garbling roft-he lsubscriber television systeinthe Goldsmith etal. arrangement employs the agency of separate horizontal 'and vertical shift signals transmitted from a fransn'litting'location to a receiving location.' Thus,"fveri`cal 'and vhorizontal `raster shift components employed to;'g'arb1e fthe k)transmit- 'ted :scene 'can be detected a't the receiving location mand employed in a 'complementary mannerit'owreconst'r'ct rthe television scene. However, it is 'necessary inthe'praet'ice of the Goldsmith et el. invention to continuously transmit,

by some agency, horizontal and Avertical raster shifting n signals. The continuous transmission of 'such'siglialsfifn`` mediately opens up the possibility of unauthorizedreeep- Vtion ofthe shift signals and the employmentjof jin-forniation gleaned from such-reception i'n the unlicensed "reconstruction of the television signal.

In order, then, to realize 'a highdegree of V"security in the Goldsmith et al. system, or other types fo'f ysignal scrambling arrangements, it is vdesirable vto 1 employ some -form of decoding apparatus vvhichrnu's't bespecially 'con- 4trolled in a predetermined fashion in liirfder 'fors'ucc'essful decoding of the televisionsignal to be accomplished. One form of special control ageney,`usefulffor such work, would be a card Shaving fixed thereto a predetermined patternof 'conductivev paths which control the switching of the decoding apparatus in the'predete ""edfasjhion. One vgeneral form of such a switching angementfis describedin United States Patent No. 2,734,954 issued ori February 14, 1,956, to Marshall C. Kidd. The present invention provides 'a grea'tly mode 'of control signal -tra''nsrnissi'n which -ifs yu'se only if predetermined 'circuit switching means :a ployed at the receiving location. In one embodirne the present invention, a binary feount'ing 'chain isemployed atboth transmitting andreeeivin'glloclatio s.-l The binary counter chain is driven by a rando al which is related tothe Yscemi-ingfrate. .of :titel-television fseene. Each time the transmitting counter is stepped a drive i tone is transmitted over the sound channel of the television station. The transmitter counter is randomly reset in accordance with a reset signal also transmitted over the sound channel of the television station. The drive and reset signals received at the television receiver are employed to drive and reset the receiver binary counter. Both transmitter and receiver are provided with television raster shifting means for shifting the television raster horizontally and vertically upon the reaching of various predetermined counts in the transmitter and receiver binary counters. The particular count to which the television raster is shifted and the particular manner in which the raster is shifted upon reaching a predetermined count is placed under the control of a circuit switching means such as the above-mentioned control card.

In the practice of the present invention it is also contemplated to provide simplified means for imposing raster shifting signals upon the deilection action of the television receiver either by a special image reconstruction yoke surrounding the kinescope as described in copending United States patent application, Serial No. 308,625, by Marshall C. Kidd, entitled Image Reconstruction Systems, tiled October 9, 1952, or through the series insertion of control signals in the centering and deflection yoke circuit of a receiver. The present invention, therefore, involves the provision of novel and improved means for controlling the deflection of a cathode ray beam.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved subscriber system for television broadcasts.

It is further an object of the present invention to provide improved means and methods for scrambling television broadcasts in such a way as to render their normal reception of little entertainment value but provide specially equipped television receivers with high quality television images.

It is further an object of the present invention to provide an improved method of scrambling and descrambling television broadcasts which requires no communication channels other than a video and associated sound channel now standard in the television art.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a subscriber type television system in which standard television receivers may be easily and economically adapted for successful reception of scrambled subscriber television transmissions.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved television secrecy system of the subscriber variety which employs the transmission of de- S' coding control signals in themselves conveying insufficient information to permit reconstruction of the television signal.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved subscriber system for television broadcast which requires the utilization by a subscriber of a card control element in order to successfully reconstruct the garbled television scene.

A more complete understanding of the present invention, its mode of operation and other features of advantage will be gleaned from a reading of the following description especially when taken in consideration with the accompanying drawings.

Figure l is a block diagram representation of one form of television picture scrambling and transmittingV arrangement useful in the practice of the present invention.

Figure 2 is a block diagram representation of one form of television receiving and image reconstruction arrangement for successfully reproducing the scrambled television broadcasts produced by the arrangement of Figure 1.

Figure 3 is an illustration of one form of television frame scrambling mo-tion useful in the practice of the present invention.

Figure 4 is a block diagram representation of one form of counter drive tone and counter reset tone generation circuit useful in the practice of the present invention.

Figure 5 is a combination block and schematic representation of a binary counter chain and control arrangement in accordance with the present inyention. Means are also illustrated for controlling the operation of the binary counter chain in accordance with circuit information carried by a control card. Also illustrated are means for transducing binary counter chain operation into vertical and horizontal raster shift signals as employed in the practice of the present invention.

Figure 6 is a schematic representation of still another way of imposing vertical and horizontal raster shift signals into the deflection circuit of a television receiver.

Figure 7 is an elevational view of one form of control card holder which may be used in the practice of the present invention.

Figure 8 is a plan View of a control card illustrating one possible control circuit configuration as it may be employed in the practice of the present invention.

Turning now to Figure l, there is illustrated in the dotted line area 10 a television camera system employing a television pickup and video signal processing arrangerent, including a rectangular scanning means comprising a vertical and horizontal deflection system. Within the dotted line area lt) is shown a conventional television camera 12 adapted to feed a conventional video amplifier i4 whose output signal is in turn applied to the input circuit 16 of the writing section 1S of a conventional electron ray storage tube 20. Deflection for the television camera 12 is timed by the master oscillator 22 whose horizontal and vertical timing signals are applied to conventional camera deflection circuit 24. Vertical and horizontal timing signals are also applied to the vertical and horizontal deflection generators 26 and 28 employed for the deflection of storage tube 20 as shown. The ou'tput signals from the vertical deection generator 26 are applied to the vertical deection coils 30 of the Writing section of the storage tube 2t). The output signals from the horizontal deection generator 23 are correspondingly applied to the horizontal deflection coil 32 of the writing section of the storage tube 2l). By this means the image picked up by the televisio-n camera 12 will be written with substantial delity on the target 34 of the storage tube 20.

The output electrode 36 of the reading section 33 of the storage tube 2@ is connected with the input circuit of video amplifier dit whose output signals are in turn adapted for modulation of a television video transmitter 42.. The output signal of a transmitter 42 is applied to some form of television antenna 44. Deflection for the reading beam 46 of the storage tube 26 is supplied by the horizontal and vertical deflection coils at 43 and 50. If the deflection signals through the detiection coils 48 and S0 are identical in waveform to signals supplied to the writing deflection coils 3@ and 32, it is manifest that the video signal applied to the video amplifier will be substantially identical to the video signal appearing at the output of television camera 12.

In accordance with the television garbling system described in the above-identified United States patent application, Serial No. 308,642, Television Systems by A. N. Goldsmith et al., filed September 19, 1952, the deflection voltage applied to the reading deflection coils 48 and 5th of the storage tube 2t) is a composite signal made up of the combination of the deflection waveform appearing at the output terminal of the vertical and horizontal deflection generators 26 and 28 and the corresponding wobble waveforms appearing at the output terminals of the vertical and horizontal wobble amplifiers at S2 and 54. For this purpose it can be seen that the horizontal reading deflection coil 48 is connected with the output circuit of the horizontal deflection generator 23 through a series connection with the output circuit of the horizontal wobble amplifier 54. Likewise, the vertiflyinget-he Ipresent invention.

@Mense connectionofthe output circuitof `the vertical.. wobble arnpliiier: 52. Thus,-.the transmitted televisionsignal. ,begarbledt t'o the extent of having. theeffective transmitting.: scanning,y raster shifted; l verticallyl and horizontally by signals deliveredy by the "Verticali andY horizontal wobble ampliers; v v

v Intfaccordance: withthezprese'nt invention the-.driving `signalsiforfthevertical and horizontal wobble amplifiers may be.considered .as raster shift signals. That is, the signalsappliedx to. theV vertical and. horizontal wobble varnpliters .will Abe of asquare or stepped waveform-,f such that '.tlz1`escanning raster of the transmitted television. siginalwwill' be effectively shifted either vertically or hori- .zontallyduringftelevision.blanking intervals, but remain stationary during the actual scanning of the television fasten.- This is` accomplished; in accordance with' the Present invention,byl means of a binary counter. chain shown. infthe dotted. line area 56 comprising. binary stages 58,-l 60,62; amd64, respectively designated as Binary 1,

Binary.2,f Binary-3, and Binary 4 in the ldrawings innFigure .1. Additionaly binary stages may be .employed but-,four are'shown for illustrating the principle.- und'er'- The. binary counterchain 56 is-driven by aconventional pulse producing circuit 66, designated as a counter drive circuit. Theicounter driveV circuit 66' is in turn .controlled by` output signal fromratone detector circuit 68 designatedl as Tone :No.' l detecton The binary counter chain 561 may in turn be reset-by signalsappearingat the outputterminalsoftthe counterreset circuit 70,' in turn drivenpbyy ai tonexdetector 72l designated as Tone No. 2 detector. The significanceA of the tonedetectorsand 72- will bede-a scribed shortly. .vertical and horizontal wobble amplifiers will be sup; plied .With-.raster shift signals by merit of the binary counterchain. 56 having reached predetermined .counting conditions. Accordingly, as shown, the vertical'wobble amplifier 52.*Willv receive a raster shift .signal at a chain count, .for example, of four, while." the horizontal wobble amplifier' 54fwill receive a horizontalshift'signal-'ata chain count, for example, of 1'6.

Thefnovel means. by which the counter drivezand count; er' reset circuits-66vand 70 are controlled-forms another aspect of'the. present inventionand is shown'in .connec` tionwith..the sound.y channel of the televisionftransmi. ting system. of Figure l; An'audioarnplier 72` isilzlus-i trated-as feeding into amixerchannel 74 outputsignals' from-whichmodulate a televisiontsound transmitter'76; The :sound .channel from the transmitter may bebroadilcastby means of'antenna.78. A microphone 80.is.'illus`; trated. as one. type. of conventional. soundsourcenthat might be/empl'oyed.- .The mixer circuit :.74 is adaptedlto receive randomly; `occurring bursts, ofy two supersonic; `tonesfrespectively generatedrbytone No. l generatord'at' 82- and. tone No. 2 generator at 84. Random gatingzsi'ga nals--developed by the circuits at 86 andSS; in turncon-'f trolwthe openingand closing of. gate circuits 90-:ande9'2 so that the bursts of controlled-tone reachinglthe'.y mixeri 74 arey lunder the` cont-rol; of the-gating;y signa-lstproduced bythe gatingsignalgenerators SG1-and 88.- Ini.accord'vv ancewiththe presentinvention, tone No:A l mayfbe'zarbitraprilyy assigned as a' counter drive tone and: tonetNoIf.2f

.ma-y bef-arbitrarily assigned as a counter-reset tone; l3yl meansof circuit=pathf90 tone No". 1 and tone No'. 2,..in' additionr to. being transmitted by the transmitter'76;' are; applied to thetoneidetectors 68 and 72'describedfabove'l It can, therefore, belseen thatin. accordancezwith thf present invention, the binary counter chain.56f\willfbe randomly drivenand reset in accordance? with .the":ran-.1 dom .nature .of .the "gating signals producedzby" thegatinfg signal. generators86 and 88. The vshifting of the trans#r mitted.-televisionraster will, therefore, also be randomiin.-

natureandlprovide a= high-.degree of security againstlthe? '15' It is suicient. here to note that'fther 'counter-chain '1 array. andwsensitiverto .thevparticularl tones broadcast' byA the'. transmitter tok accomplish .proper control of such a counter chain. n

One-.form I(oi i receiving.arrangementfori' reception. i and .reconstruction of the signal. transmitted'bythe-#transL .mitter of.. Figurezlisnshownin Figure 2. Herewthe -e'- ceivedz.garbled/television. signal isk intercepted .byfther an"- tenna 92.and appliedo a.televisionreceiventunertcir cuit -943 youtput signal from." the-tuner. 94is1` conventionally applied to..I'.v-F.` aniplier 'strip giwhichfiin. turn? supplies signal to .the Y-detectorcircuit .98.: The detectedftlevi'sion signal-.is applied to: a videoampliierl4 whichin -tu'frn drives the beamfmodulating inputxcircuit'of thefleine'scope 102.-. For purposes of` illustrationalf. convenience-gi. no beam.: conducting. circuit connections-g.. per'-` se, haveibee shown Demodulatedsvideo' .signal fis also.' applied@ toi conventionaliformnof .sync separator circuit' 104f"having respective. output-lines connected. with",- andffor ther con#v trol. of; horizontal'.- and vertical. deflection' circuits 106 andilr `Ou-tpfutzsignals 'from' the: output verticaland horizontal deflection circuits' 10'6'and108l areflfurtl'ier conventionally appliedfto a .cathode rayb'eamfdee'ction yoke represented byelement 112. Eocus'coil'1'1`4 is-als'o shown'" connected: withra.: source 'of .focusfcontrol current having; a. terminal at'. 11`8, varying. the rheosta't 120fic`on trolsthe yokevk through 114" and tliereby` ai'ords focus' control in thekinescopezlOZin awell. known;marinier". An image reconstruction ldeilectionA yoke .comprising ver'tv cal windings 122: and.' horizontalI windings. 1221 'isi' pro` vided'- in accordancewith*y the invention =describ`edr inifthe' United'. States. patent applica-tion', by Marshall C; 'Kidd-j entitledfflmage Reconstruction; System,. li'ledLSeptembe'r' 9. l952,,\Serial..No, 308,625', for producingtar compleii mentaryv raster shiftingzintluence. onth'e' kinesc`c`Jp'e'felec-- tron..beam so as to allow L degarblingfofiltheinconiingltele vision signal.v The vertical shift windingf122 isi-indicated for connectionntof. the output circuitof theyertical'iwobble amplifier. 1-26, Whilethe'horizontalreconstruction?. yoke winding.. 12.4 v is f designatedifor. connection with"y the 'horizontal --wob blearnpliera 123;. f

It will be ,observed .in FigureZl that .in a'ccorcl'ance Withl the. present invention,` the vertical; and-ho'rizor'italf wobble'l amplifiers-.126. andlZSr arel connectedfor driving bya binary countervchain'rlwhich is:equivalent5tol th"e`-ztrans' mitterbinary counter chain S6 intrFigure'l. Binaryis'tag'es 132, -134, 1736 a-nd1138: find.v theirf'counterpart in tlie t'raii's-l mitterfarrang'ementinf theijbinarycounter stages-581;! 60';i 62Y and 64; Thefreceiver-.binary.counter chai y0 is also'y provided. with' counter: dri-vingcand" reset' circuits" 1210v yand 142Yresp1ectivelyr The counter. drive* and-1 rese'tfcircuits' areizin turn-.controlled bytheetone detector circuits" 1214-" and 146-in a=manner previously.describedin connection' with the tonemietectonicincuit168f`and 72?'int'Figurel. Tlef'- sound: channel 1482er the ireceiver.` may fb'e c'onven'tio'nalJ inl nature-, with-the exce'ptionfzthat` it@ must b'e/ca'pa'b'l'of reproducing;- supersonicz signal frequenc'ies employed for'- tone-Nmv l and=tone=l`len- 2.` Thef'soundf channelconven-l tionallyfreceivesv its :driving lsignal. from' ith'eI-F amplifier? 96.`v It-.-is.-clear, however, .that `sound? channel E148 may a'l's'O be. of thewell. known intercarrierty'p'ewhich may receivef its-driving `signal' from;` arptointti'n-f thefv receiveriy circuit' fol-lowingthe IIc-F; ampliiierf96.v

Byf'simultaneou'sr referencev to the:Y transir'iitter arrange# ment-of..Figu're 15.' and :the receiver" arrangement-I. of i Figure" 2.itacan bef'seen-ltl'iat'inflaccordance With'the presentin ven-tion Ithe: transmitter .and receiver. binary co'unterchains'Vr willoperatesinsynchronism with' one another; Thus; eve1y time. theA transmitterv vertical.: ori vhorizontal wobble ampl'ier receives..-a..shift signal` from-'the binary counter'x chainr 56m the vertical."and` horizontal ampli-fiers126Vfand 128cothei receiyerwlili receive a"-corresponding"signalj identicalffwaveform-"from" the'freceiver binary curi't'r" chain 130. If then the phase or electrical sense of the deection influence provided by the reconstruction yoke windings 122 and 124 is made complementary to that produced in the transmitter, precision reconstruction of the garbled television signal is made possible at the receivers.

As described in the above-identied United States patent application, by A. N. Goldsmith et al., Serial No. 308,642, Television Systems, and as otherwise mentioned hereinabove, it is desirable that the television raster be stationary during the delineation of the lines comprising the raster. In other words, it is desirable that changes in horizontal and vertical shift signals be constrained to occur only during blanking intervals defined by the television signal. This is accomplished in connection with the random control action of the present invention, through the provision of the novel arrangement shown in Figure 4. The understanding of the operation of the arrangement of Figure 4 will be best obtained by additional reference to Figure l. The arrangement of Figure 4 is adapted to supply the mixer terminals 74a and 74b of the mixer 74 'in Figure 1 with bursts of tone No. 1 and tone No. 2 constrained to occur only during blanking intervals in the television signal. To accomplish this, output signal is taken from the video amplifier 14 of Figure l and applied to a conventional separator circuit 158 in Figure 4. The sync separator 150 is designed to supply the amplifier 152 with separated vertical sync pulses which in turn are applied to a vertical sync pulse integrator circuit 154. The output signal integrator circuit 154 is applied to control the delay multivibrator 156 which in turn actuates a width multivibrator 158. The width multivibrator 158 is designed to produce a pulse of Very short duration recurring at the vertical synchronizing signal rate. The actual duration of this pulse is not critical and in most cases should have a duration at least one one-hundredth the duration of the television vertical sync pulse itself. The output signal from the width multivibrator 158 is then applied to one input terminal of a coincidence detector 160, at the other input terminal of the coincidence detector 168 is applied a signal derived from a noise generator circuit 162. The signal from the noise generator circuit is amplified by the amplifier 164 applied to a block out circuit 166 which is conditionally rendered open or closed to the conduction of the noise signal to the clipper circuit 168. Clipper circuit 168 is of the amplitude discriminatory type which permits only peaks of noise signal above a predetermined amplitude to pass to the coincidence detector 160. The coincidence detector 168 is so constructed according to well known practice, that it will produce an output signal at terminal 178 only when there happens to be a coincidence between the pulse derived from the width multivibrator 158 and a noise peak passed by the clipper 168. Upon such a coincidence the signal delivered by the coincidence detector 16) will trigger the keying multivibrator 172 which in turn will open the tone gate 174 to permit tone No. l to be applied to the mixer terminal 74a of Figure l. The keying multivibrator 172 may be of the monostable variety so that the duration of the burst of tone will be governed by the recycling period of the multivibrator. Purely by way of example, tone No. 1 has been designated in Figure l as a counter drive tone. The counter reset tone designated as tone No. 2 is also, in accordance with the present invention, arranged to occur in a random manner but only during a blanking interval in the television signal. Thus, in Figure 4 a noise generator 176 feeds an amplifier 178 which in turn applies signal to a clipper circuit 180. The action of elements 176, 178 and 180 is identical to that described with that of 162, 164, 166 and 168, discussed above. Moreover, the coincidence detector 182 may be identical to thc coincidence detector 160 discussed above. Since the coincidence detector 182 derives input signal from the width multivibrator 158 as the coincidence detector 160, the output signal 184 of detector 182 will also be random in nature but occurring only during a vertical blanking period. The keying multivibrator 186 is then provided which in turn operates the tone gate 188 which conditionally permits signal from tone generator No. 2 at 190 to be applied to the mixer terminal 74b of Figure 1.

In further accordance with the present invention, it has been found desirable in some instances to prevent a counter drive pulse from occurring during a counter reset pulse, since there would be a conflict in the action demanded by these pulses of the counter chain. Signal detecting means such as the rectifier 198 is, therefore, provided, in accordance with the present invention, for conditionally actuating the block out section 166 of Figure 4. By this means the occurrence of a counter reset pulse will block noise signal from reaching the clipper 168 and prevent the production of a counter drive pulse during a counter reset pulse.

One particular form of binary counter chain arrangement suitable for use with the present invention, as well as one possible mode of employing signals derived from such a counter chain for raster shifting purposes is shown in Figure 5. The arrangement in Figure 5 is also particularly convenient since it lends itself to easy control by a key card carrying printed circuits. Such a key card is shown at 193 in Figure 8 and will be later discussed in one of its many possible relations to the circuitry of Figure 5.

Before considering the general arrangement of the embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 5, it is well to understand the type of raster shift motion that may be caused at the transmitter to produce the garbling effect in the transmitted television signal. As discussed in the above-identified application by A. N. Goldsmith et al., the most effective type of raster motion is of the Lissajous variety comprising horizontal and vertical shift components.

One suitable form of Lissajous motion may be produced as illustrated in Figure 3. Here the outline 200 corresponds to the circular face of a kinescope or cathode ray beam picture reproducing tube. in Figures 3a, 3b and 3c solid line rectangle 282 corresponds to the television raster in an uncoded television system. In Figure 3b the raster position defined by the dotted lines 202a represents a raster shift to the right of the normal 202. Correspondingly, the raster positions indicated by the dashed lines 28217 and .202e represent raster shifts to the left of the normal 202. in Figure 3c the raster position defined by the dotted lines 2.02ct corresponds to an upward shift of the raster 202 with respect to its normal position, while the raster positions defined by the dashed lines 202e and 260.]c correspond to downward shifts in the vertical direction of the raster with respect to its normal position. It is thus seen that the raster may occupy four separate positions in the horizontal coordinate and four separate positions in the vertical coordinate. Random shifting of the raster between combinations of the horizontal and vertical positions will produce virtually complete disintegration of the television image when an attempt is made to receive such a television signal by standard television receiver circuits.

The arrangement of Figure 5 is arranged to produce the raster motion described in connection with Figure 3 at the transmitter as well as to produce a complementary raster shifting influence at a receiving location for reconstructing or degarbling the transmitted television signal. The circuitry of Figure 5 will be described in connection with a receiving circuit although it is evident that it is also applicable to a transmitting system of the type shown in Figure l. lt will be assumed that the reconstructed picture is to be made to appear on the screen of the kinescope 284. Kinescope 28d is shown as having standard horizontal and vertical defiection yoke windings 206 and 287. Horizontal and vertical deection signal generators, which may be of any standard design, are indicated at 210 and 212, with the developed '.deectonwave forms being shown -at 214 and.2,16. Horiv lontaldeilection signal 214is coupled tothe -input .circuit ofthe horizontal driving'tute 218. An .autotransformer 220 and the primary winding222 of a deflection. coupling Qtransformer 224 are `connected in theanode circuit .of the .driver .tube 218. A.diode,226, linearity inductance 228 .andfstoragecapacitors 23.0and 232 form aconventional powerrr'ecovery B boost circuit forefectively increasing '..theanode potential applied to the tube 218 lover that available at B power terminal 236. The operation of ,such acircuit is described in an article entitled Char- `-.,ac.ter istics of High Eiciency Deectionand lHigh VoltagefSupply Systems for Kinescopes by Otto Schade, appearing in the December 1949 issue ofthe .RCA ...Review. The Vpeaks 'of the high volt-age signal excur- ,sions .induced in the .winding section 220 of the autoqtransformer 220 are rectified by the diode 236 to produce abeam accelerating potential of .several .thousand volts across a capacitor 238. Output lterminal 240 is, therefore, designated for connectionl `with the ipower nanode beam. accelerating electrode of the lkinescope 2 04,

fhavingv its terminal at v242.

:In accordance with the present invention, aresistor j.244 .is connected as a load across the secondary 246 .ofgthev `horizontal deflection output transformer 224.

.sawtooth voltage will, therefore, appear across the .re- .sistor 244. The upper'terminalofresistor y244is1coupled withthe control electrode ofcathode Lfollower-amplifier tube 250 so that current through -thecathode follower 4will vary in a sawtooth fashion. The horizontal winding. 206 yof-the deflection yoke is thenconneicted-bet-ween zthe.cathode 252 of the cathode-follower -ampliier'250 ,and,gr.ound potential. B power lfor the cathode follllwver stage 250 is derived vfrom the 'positive power supply lterminal 254 lreferenced withrespect to ground. l;'I` 1,1e.curr,ent through the deflection .y0ke206 wil1,' there- V `ore,...vary in a conventionalsawtooth fashion.

v Vertical deflection current 'for the :vertical :delection .Winding i207 .is provided in a lsimilar fashion .by zthe cathode follower stage 256,4 driven by Va vertical deilection .sawtoothdeveloped across the load rresistor,25.8. Vertical deflection transformer y26,0 rprovides ,the :necessary Vcoupling between the vertical vdellection driveamplilier VJ262 and yload resistor :258. The :amplifier 262;is driven VV.hy .the .vertical deection waveform described above.

yThe .circuitry of Figure 5 thus fa`r describediwillfpro vide a standard beam'dellection action in vthegkinescope .1204. It will be assumed the magneticpola.rity'with which the .fdeection windings 206 and 207 tare connected :.with

@the -cathode circuits ofamplifiers ,25,0 and 256 is :such

lthat;anincreasein currentthlough the deection'windings 206 and :207 will produce .respective :shifts ftofthe left .and.up of the television raster. -In order'then tor'ealize the deflection action shown in Figure 3 yso1neform of xcentering control .must be provided :for .eachof the .de-4

of additional cathode lfollower stages '278.1280 and T282' Ein the horizontal deflection .circuit and :cathode v'follower amplifiers 284,286 and 290 in the verticalde'ilection'cirnuit. The static conduction current of :these fstages add tothe nominal conduction through vthe horizontal and Avertical vdeilection windings as previously 'described jin Aconnection with cathode follower amplili'ers 250.j`a`nd 256. In :the horizontal .deection circuit increased conduction vofany one of the amplifiers 278, 2 80-an`d 282w'ill act .asignar is toshift the raster.-from..its.position..202a to.the ,position .202.;in' Figure S'3b. rConductionof2any.:two, of .the .am-

v;pliiers 27,8, -280rand: 282 .will acto shift-the .rasterto .its fposition2,02b inFigure 3b, xwhile .increasedconduc- '..tionf-.of.allthreeampliiiers 278, 28,0,and 282 ywill;actf.to

.shift..thef.horizontal raster toits leftmost position..202c .insFigure 5b. fCorrespondingaction is provided .inrthe .vertical .-.dellection circuit,..where .increased .conductlon v4.through .one oftthe 1aniplliers.284,.-286 and.290 .will :shift A:the :raster .from .its-lnominalffpositon `202.1c .to ,position 202e. .Increasedconductionin two of the .cathodeffollow.er @.ampliers, -28.4, .28,6 and 290 will #produce f4the .upward 5shift .of .the raster ;to.:202,. while increased r.con-

duction .of .theampliers 284, ...286 1fand-290 .will .shift .there-ster toits uppermostposition r202dv inl-.ligure :3c. .In f order, therefore, -to :control theipositionofthe-raster it is -only necessary .to'.;c.ontr.ol the `conduction ofwthe ,cathode.followerarnpliers218,. 280. and 282 .inthe` horizontal `delection..circuitand cathode follower amplifiers "284,`Z86-and. 29.0 in the vertical .deflection circuit. VCon` rduction .control lof these- .amplifiers fis.. accomplished v .in accordance with-the present invention by: connecting the .control .electrodes `.of each cathode followerY stage V.to E.predeterminedr-points in..abinary counterchain. -Aszis well known..to..those skilled ,inthe art, the voltage :waveforms found.in the:stagesof.a binary counterfchain are ,us'uallyaectangularin shape, representing on or olf con- .,.prising the.v binary .-stages.

'ditions ,of .conduction fin ,the amplifying :elements ycom- :The :binary stages shown in Figure 5 each .comprise two :electron tube1amp1iiers- 'Binary counter stage l.comprisestubes292-and 29.4; binary .stage .2 comprises .tubes .296 l and,298 ;'-binary.f stage n 3 comprises tubes .3.00 and, 302.

Vl-achfbinary.stage shownin Figure 5 is triggered,.in accordanceyvvitlr well known rpractice, by means .ofsignls passed by the ytriggering .diodes .304, 606, 308, 310,

The triggering 31'2 and 3I4associated .with eachfstage. Vdiodes 304 and'3`06 receive signal drive from theitone detector 316 whose ,counterpartisfound at 68 in Figure 1 and 144 in Figure 2. The binary stage No. 2 is trig- ,geredvor driven by signals derived from binary'stage No. 1 in a conventional manner. However, inaccordance with vthe present invention, a coupling selector switching means 318 is provided so that the driving'signal rfor binary stage No. 2 can be derived fromeither tube 292 or 29,4 of binary stage No. 1. `In the position shown, `switch 318 -illustrates the driving of binary stage No. 2 from output signal derived from tube 294. -Asimilar coupling -selector switch 3211i is provided between the output circuit of binary stage No. 2 and the drive circuit of vbinary stage No. 3. `By valtering -the connections providedby the coupling selectors A and B at 318 and v320, .the number of driving tone bursts provided by the .tone detector 316 required to produce a given conduction phase inbinary-stage No. 2 or vbinary stage No. 3 can .be changed.

As noted above, all binary stages may be .reset :by means of signal-developed at the-output Vcircuit of tone No. 2 detector at ,322. This is accomplished'in acon- 4ventional vmanner through Vthe agency of :reset .diodes 324, .326 and` 328. The particular conduction'phase in each binary stage produced by the elect of a reset signal will depend upon-the position of reset'selection switch- `ing means A,B and C at 330,."332 and 334. For example, if reset selector A at 330 4is positioned as illustrated Yin Figure 5, the -occurrenceiof a burstvof tone'No. 2 will .cause .binary stage'No. 1 to reset with tube 292 in a conducting state. Similarly, reset selectors B 'and C "in the position :illustrated will produce reset of binary stages Nos. 2 and-3 with tubes 296 and 302 in a conducting state. Again, the particular set of connections provided by the reset selectors .A, B and yC will determine `the number of bursts of tone No. 1 necessary to establish agiven conduction state in each of the binary counter stages.

The raster shifting signals imposed upon the deection currents passing through the deflection yoke windings 206 and 207 in Figure 5, are, in accordance with the particular embodiment of the present invention, shown in Figure 5, derived from the output circuits of each binary counter stage tube. Thus, cathode follower amplier 278 in the horizontal raster shift circuit of the arrangement in Figure derives its drive signal from the shift selector A switching means at 336. The lead 338 couples the terminal HWl (HW refers to horizontal wobble) which in turn is connected by the shift selector A to terminal P2 of the shift selector. Shift selector is provided with two terminals P2, each connected to the plate or anode of tube 294 of binary stage No. 1. The shift selector A is also provided with two terminals P1 connected to the plate or anode of tube 292 in binary stage No. l. Similar connections are made between the other cathode follower stages 280 and 282 to shift selector B at 340 and shift selector C at 342, each corresponding respectively to binary stages No. 2 and No. 3. The vertical raster shift or wobble cathode follower amplifiers 284, 286 and 290 also receive driving signals from shift selectors A, B and C as indicated in the drawings by their connection to terminals VW1 (VW referring to vertical wobble) VW2 and VWS as indicated.

In the operation of the embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 5, it will be seen that the raster shift signals imposed upon the deflection currents of the horizontal and vertical deection windings 206 and 207 at any given instant will depend upon the connections provided by coupling selectors A and B, reset selectors A, B and C and shift selectors A, B and C. By altering the connections provided by these various switching elements, a large variety of randomly occurring raster shifting modes can easily be realized. Through the addition of additional binary counter stages an even greater variety of raster shift or wobble signal modes is made available.

The arrangement shown in Figure 5 is directed to the superimposition of raster shift of signals upon the deflection currents passing through a conventional beam deection coil. As stated above, the arrangement of Figure 5 may be applied to either a transmitting or receiving system, in which case, in the case of a transmitting system, the kinescope 264 would be replaced by a suitable form of television camera tube. The use of a special deflection coil exclusively for raster shifting purposes to supplement a standard deflection coil has been discussed and illustrated in Figure 2. Such a coil is shown embracing the electron ray tube 102 and having windings 122 and E24. Excitation of such a coil from the binary counter' system shown in Figure 5 may be accomplished in accordance with the present invention as sho-wn in Figure 6. Here cathode follower amplifier stages 344, 346 and 343 are indicated for driving either the horizontal or vertical deiiection windings such as 122 and 12dA in Figure 2. in the case of a receiver system, such as shown in Figure 2, the windings 122 and 124 would form what may be termed an image reconstruction yoke.

One convenient means for providing rapid changing of the connections provided by coupling selectors A and B, reset selectors A, B and C, and shift selectors A, B and C in the binary counter chain is shown in Figures 7 and 8. A key card holder 350 is provided which will accept a key card w8. Contactors such as 354, 356, 358 and 360 make connection with printed circuit paths carried by the card 198. One useful form of key control card carrying suitable printed circuit paths in accordance with the present invention is shown in Figure 8. Reference to the binary counter chain coupling selector, reset selector and shifting set arrangements shown in Figure 5 will make clear the significance of the printed circuit paths illustrated in the card MS. For convenience, the circuit paths of card 3.98 have been labelled to make reference to the corresponding function assigned to them in connection with the binary counter chain of Figure 5. By providing a series of key control cards such as 198 each containing a different circuit path arrangement, a high degree of security can be realized in the operation of a television system of the type described. All that will be necessary is that each authorized subscriber to the paid television system employing the present invention be provided with a card accomplishing the same connections as the control card employed at the transmitter.

it will be clear from the foregoing description of the present invention that more simple modes of raster shift signals may be employed with a corresponding reduction in equipment cost. One form of such simplification can be realized in the above-described embodiments by removing one or more of the binary counter stages or the cathode follower stages employed to impose raster shift signals upon normal raster deflection action at either transmitter or receiver.

What is claimed is:

l. In a television receiving system, the combination of: a sound receiving channel adapted to demodulate and deliver at respective output terminals a sound signal, a

first control tone and a second control tone, said control tones falling outside the range of said sound signal; an electrical counting circuit having a plurality of count indicating output terminals which conditionally deliver electrical signals upon the attaining of predetermined counts in said counting circuit, said counting circuit also having a driving signal input terminal and a reset signal input terminal; signal coupling means connected from said first and said second control tone output terminals to said driving signal input terminal and reset signal input terminals respectively; a television video signal visual reproducing means; a picture garbling circuit connected with said last named means and having an input terminal, to which signals rnay be applied to control said garbling circuit; and signal coupling means connected from at least one of said indicating output terminals to said garbling circuit input terminal.

2. An electrical control system comprising in combination: an electrical counting chain including a plurality of binary counter stages each stage having two count indicating output terminals at which alternately appears electrical signals representing the counting state of that stage, each binary counter stage additionally having a counting signal driving terminal and two count reset terminals the application of reset signal to each reset terminal causing said stage to reset to a predetermined and respective counting condition; a source of count driving signal; a source of counter reset signal; selective switching means connected from a binary stage driving terminal to the count indicating terminals of the immediately preceding binary stage; selective switching means connected from said counter reset signal source to a plurality of said count reset terminals at least two of which are associated with the same binary stage; signal coupling means connected between said source of driving signal and the driving terminal of at least one of said binary counter stages; an electrical signal responsive instrumentality having a signal input terminal and selective switching means connected between said instrumentality signal input terminal and a plurality of said binary counter stage count indicating output terminals.

3. A television control signal generating system, comprising in combination: a source of vertical synchronizing signals; multivibrator means connected with said vertical synchronizing signal source for producing pulses of shorter duration than said vertical synchronizing pulses but of the same recurrence frequency; a random noise generator; a signal coincidence circuit connected with said multivibrator means and said noise generator for producing a coincidence pulse upon coincidence of a random noise excursion and one of said shorter duration pulses; acontrol signal generator; a control signal delivering terminal and switching means coupled with said coin- 13 cidence circuit, said signal generator and said delivery terminal for applying control signal to said delivering terminal under the control of said coincidence pulse.

4. television control signal generating system, the combination of: a source of vertical synchronizing signals; a multivibrator means connected with said vertical synchronizlng signal source for producing pulses of shorter duration than said vertical synchronizing pulses but of the same recurrence frequency; a irst and a second random noise generator; a first and a second signal coincidence circuit respectively connected with said rst and second random noise generators and said multivibrator means for producing respective coincidence pulses upon the coincidence of random noise excursions and said shorter duration pulses;.a first and second control signal generator; a rst and second control signal delivering terminal switching means coupled with said iirst coincidence circuit, said first signal generator and said iirst control signal delivering terminal for applying control signal to said irst signal delivering terminal under the control of coincidence pulses developed by said first coincidence circuit, switching means coupled with said second coincidence circuit, said second signal generator and said second control signal delivering terminal for applying control signal to said second signal delivering terminal under the control of coincidence pulses developed by said second coincidence circuit; circuit disabling means coupled with said lirst coincidence circuit for conditionally preventing the appearing of first cont-rol signal at said rst control signal delivering terminal; and connections from said circuit disabling means to said second control signal delivering terminal for controlling said disabling means with signals appearing at said ysecond control signal delivering terminal. l

5. In a television receiving system the combination of: a video signal receiving and demodulating channel for producing a video signal; a television vsound channel receiving and demodulating circuit for producing a television sound signal, said sound channel being adapted to also demodulate control signals of a frequency higher than television picture accompaniment sound channel components; means coupled with said video signal demodulating circuit for producing a visual television image in accordance with said video signal; cathode ray beam deflection means included in said last named means for defining a'picture raster; an electrical counting circuit having a plurality of count indicating output circuits at which signals appear upon the reaching of predetermined counts in said counting circuit; said counting circuit also having a driving input circuit; signal coupling means coupled between said sound signal demodulating circuit and said counting circuit driving input circuit, said signal coupling means operatively including/switching means permitting selective connection of said cathode ray beam deection means to predetermined count indicating output circuits, said switching means including a card member bearing predetermined conductive paths and additional means for conditionally receiving and holding said card member while electrically sensing diierent conductive path configurations borne by a plurality of diilerent card members which may be placed in said receiving and holding means; and signal coupling means connected from at least one of said counting circuits to said cathode ray beam deection means for control thereof.

6. A cathode ray beam deflection system comprising in combination: a binary counter chain comprising a plurality of 'binary counter stages, each stage having ltwo output terminals, the conditional and alternate appearance of signals at which represent the counting condition of the respective stages, the stages of said binary counter circuit being coupled to one another by coupling selector switching means so connected as to permit drive of one binary stage by count representing signals appearing at a selected one of the two output terminals of the preceding binary counting stage, each binary counter stage operatively including two reset signal terminal means each for resetting the stage for respective one of said two counting conditions; means connected with said count chain for conditionally driving said chain to predetermined counts; a vertical and horizontal cathode ray beam deflection circuit so related as to produce a raster determining deection influence; a vertical and a horizontal raster shifting means coupled With said deflection circuits each shifting means having an activating terminal; switching means coupled with said binary stage output terminals 'and said vertical and horizontal raster shifting terminals for conditionally activating said shifting means by count representing signals delivered by predetermined groups of binary counter stages; a source of reset signals; and selective -switching means coupled with saidl reset signal source and said counter chain reset signal terminals for selectively applying reset signals to predetermined reset signal terminals so as to reset said counter stages each in a predetermined counting condition.

References Cited An the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Gottfried Ian. 17, 1956 Disclaimer 2,846,497.Ralph C'. Kennedy, Queens Village, N.Y. TELEVISION SYSTEMS. Patent dated Aug. 5, 1958. Disclaimer led Oct. 3, 1962, by the mi," Y assignee, Rad/o OorporrzaZQg/L of Amew'ca. Hereby enters this disclaimer to cla l [oficial Gaz im 1 of said patent. Y ette N oeembe 20, 1962.]

Disclaimer 2,846,497.Ralph C. Kennedy, Queens Village, N.Y. TELEVISION SYSTEMS. f Patent dated Aug. 5, 1958. Disclaimer led Oct. 3, 1962, by the assignee, Radio orpomtjm of Amem'ca. /wv Hereby enters this disclaimer to claim l of said patent.

i [Oficial Gazette Novem/befr Q0, 1962.] 

